Exercise, weight, and fertility: what’s the connection?

If you’re trying to get pregnant, you’re likely wondering what healthy habits will help with conception. Exercising and maintaining a healthy weight may help increase your chances of becoming pregnant. Still, some types of exercise may negatively affect fertility. 

Let’s take a look at how weight and exercise may impact fertility and conception.  

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Your overall health and well-being are essential when trying to conceive. Healthy habits, including diet and exercise, support your overall health, which includes your weight and fertility. 

Having too much or too little body fat may negatively impact your fertility and body’s ability to maintain a healthy pregnancy. 

Healthcare professionals often use body mass index (BMI) categories to determine whether someone has a healthy weight. Body mass index compares height to total body mass, which includes fat, muscles, and other lean tissues in the body. 

Here are the BMI categories (Weir, 2021):

Overweight and obesity

Research suggests that women with overweight or obesity are more likely to experience fertility problems, such as (Dag, 2015):

• Lower conception rates

• Increased risk of miscarriage

• Higher risk of infertility

Underweight

Similar to excess weight, having a low body weight may also lead to infertility. Having too little body fat can cause (Boutari, 2020):

• Anovulation, a condition where the body stops ovulating (releasing eggs)

• Dysfunction or interruption of the menstrual cycle

People with eating disorders, like anorexia or bulimia, or those who over-exercise may experience problems with fertility (Boutari, 2020).

Weight loss may help people with overweight or obesity increase their fertility and chances of a healthy pregnancy (Dag, 2015). 

But for people at a healthy weight or with underweight, trying to lose weight is not a good idea—it likely won’t improve fertility, may even lead to fertility problems, and can lead to all sorts of other health issues. Talk with your healthcare provider about what a healthy weight looks like for you and tips for maintaining that weight. 

Many people find it helpful to focus on healthy behaviors rather than their weight because increasing physical activity and eating a nutritious diet helps support their goals without creating any unhealthy behaviors. 

Overall, studies suggest that exercising consistently can help support your health and fertility. However, the type and intensity of exercise will affect whether the workout improves or impairs fertility. 

Here’s what studies say about exercise, weight, and fertility:

• Physical activity may improve the chances of becoming pregnant and having a healthy birth in women with reproductive health problems, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) (Mena, 2019).

• A 2020 cohort study found that infertility was more common in women with obesity and less common in women who exercise regularly (Mena, 2020).

• A 2017 systematic review found reduced-calorie diets and increased physical activity resulted in weight loss and improved ovulation in people with overweight and obesity (Best, 2017).

• A 2014 randomized control trial found that a healthy diet, exercise, and behaviors improved pregnancy and live birth rates in women with obesity (Sim, 2014).

• Women who were physically active before undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatments are more likely to conceive and carry to live births than women living a sedentary lifestyle before treatments (Rao, 2018).

• Extremely heavy exercising (intense workout > 60 minutes a day) increases the risk of anovulation and fertility problems (Hakimi, 2017).

Whether you’re trying to conceive naturally or undergoing fertility treatments, regular physical activity appears to increase fertility and chances of conceiving, as long as it’s not overly intense. 

When you’re trying to conceive, consider the types of workouts you’re doing. Moderate exercise routines appear to be more beneficial than vigorous workouts for improving fertility. Intense workouts could still be done a few times a week, but try to avoid doing these types of workouts daily:

• High-intensity interval training

• CrossFit

• Powerlifting

• Sprinting and long-distance running

Instead of vigorous exercise, aim for more moderate-intensity physical activity. When you’re doing moderate-intensity exercises, it should feel somewhat hard. Moderate exercises increase your heart rate and will feel like you’re breathing harder than usual, but you shouldn’t feel out of breath like during vigorous exercise. 

Here are some low- to moderate-intensity exercises that may help fertility:

• Swimming

• Walking 

• Jogging

• Cycling

• Dancing

• Water aerobics

• Pushing a lawnmower or raking leaves

• Hiking

• Yoga

• Pilates

While overall, regular exercise and eating a healthy diet will help improve fertility, it’s important to know that there can be too much of a good thing. 

Over-exercising and extreme dieting can lead to fertility problems, loss of period, and inconsistent ovulation (Hakimi, 2017). 

If you notice irregularities in your periods or they are completely absent, consider pulling back on the intensity of your workouts and seek help from your healthcare provider. Research suggests that increasing vigorous activity increases the amount of time it takes to become pregnant for many women (Wise, 2012).

Talk with your healthcare provider if you’re having problems with your menstrual cycle or fertility for support and medical advice. 

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Every article on Health Guide goes through rigorous fact-checking by our team of medical reviewers. Our reviewers are trained medical professionals who ensure each article contains the most up-to-date information, and that medical details have been correctly interpreted by the writer.

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Current version

January 05, 2022

Written by

Ashley Braun, RD, MPH

Fact checked by

Steve Silvestro, MD

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About the medical reviewer

Steve Silvestro, MD, Ro

Dr. Steve Silvestro is a board-certified pediatrician and Associate Director, Clinical Content & Education at Ro.